1 Project Description

1.1 General Overview

CAMBRIDGE GARMENTS Industry (CGI) is a leading fast fashion retailer in Pakistan, that deals in traditional and western clothing styles. The company has a presence in every major city of Pakistan, operating most of the stores by itself, which goes by the name The Cambridge Shop (TCS). CGI started operations in 1970 and has seen tremendous growth due to its simple and smart Men’s fashion line-up, especially in a formal section. CGI has captured the pulse of white-collar Pakistani men, who generally like to wear quality cotton shirts, with its craftsmanship and uncompromising quality.

1.2 Data Overview

We got raw sales data for CGI Men’s shirt, which is typically used in the Supply Chain department for sales tracking and stock movement analysis. The data has multiple numerical and many categorical variables. The data is invoice influenced, where each record represents a portion of the transaction or a value of a particular shirt brand sold. To make use of this data for any Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and Machine Learning (ML), it is necessary to clean the data and adapt it according to our requirements. The initial dataset contains 46 columns and 670,000 records, where each record is identified by a “BillNo”. Each record contains information about the sold out shirt from TCS related to a particular “cobrand”, which results in multiple record of similar “BillNo” but of different “cobrands”.

Alt Text

Firstly, it is important to know how much data is available or in other words, how many missing values are in the data. Upon inspection, it is revealed that no data was missing in numeric columns, however, data that was an input from sales agents and warehouse staff has tremendous missing values. This helps us determine our way forward with data EDA and ML. To this end, we dropped a few columns with, either 100% missing data or 100% homogenous data.

2 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)

With clean data, we compare the location of TCS and prepare the location data of 68 positions with the help of Google Maps. This data is further used to present locations on maps. Furthermore, categories must speak to numerics, to this end we introduce a feature of color segmentation, which not only collects and centralize the color schemes of shirts but, helps to segments the data according to colors. Besides, color segmentation, it is important to name variables according to the data they hold and eliminates columns with similar data. This is perhaps the most important thing when one wrangles the actual data. It includes the renaming of variables, eliminating variables, and comparing them to check whether they represent the data accordingly, through various graphs and charts. Lastly, it is important to check the summary statistics of the data. This helps to grasp the picturewhich is represented by the numerical aspect of data. It signifies any outliers or any irregularity among numeric variables.

2.1 Step1 - Import modules


import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import plotly.express as px
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer

2.2 Step2: Import data

df1=pd.read_excel('/Users/snawaz/Documents/pychilla2/teamproject_sep3/Deep_note_linked/Sales.xlsx')

2.3 Step3: Make a copy of the data

df=df1.copy()

2.4 Step4: Check shape oF Data

rows,cols=df.shape
print("Number of rows in dataset are",rows)
## Number of rows in dataset are 670082
print("Number of columns in the dataset are",cols)
## Number of columns in the dataset are 45

3 EDA of the project

3.1 Step 5: Check the data types of the columns

df.info()
## <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
## RangeIndex: 670082 entries, 0 to 670081
## Data columns (total 45 columns):
##  #   Column             Non-Null Count   Dtype         
## ---  ------             --------------   -----         
##  0   BillNo             670082 non-null  object        
##  1   BillDate           670082 non-null  datetime64[ns]
##  2   LoyaltyCard        33720 non-null   object        
##  3   Customer           661558 non-null  object        
##  4   Description        66014 non-null   object        
##  5   BillMonth          670082 non-null  object        
##  6   Warehouse          670082 non-null  object        
##  7   RegionName         670082 non-null  object        
##  8   Location           670082 non-null  object        
##  9   Category           670082 non-null  object        
##  10  DepartmentName     670082 non-null  object        
##  11  BrandName          668530 non-null  object        
##  12  CoBrand            670082 non-null  object        
##  13  Barcode            670082 non-null  int64         
##  14  DesignNo           670082 non-null  object        
##  15  Rejection          670082 non-null  object        
##  16  SeasonName         670082 non-null  object        
##  17  Attribute1         670057 non-null  object        
##  18  Attribute2         143125 non-null  object        
##  19  Attribute3         309262 non-null  object        
##  20  Attribute4         670082 non-null  object        
##  21  Attribute5         337322 non-null  object        
##  22  Attribute6         0 non-null       float64       
##  23  Attribute7         0 non-null       float64       
##  24  Attribute8         490234 non-null  object        
##  25  LocalImport        670082 non-null  object        
##  26  Color              670082 non-null  object        
##  27  Sizes              670082 non-null  object        
##  28  DiscountType       502886 non-null  object        
##  29  SalesmanName       670082 non-null  object        
##  30  Qty                670082 non-null  int64         
##  31  SalesReturnReason  14786 non-null   object        
##  32  Price              670082 non-null  int64         
##  33  Amount             670082 non-null  int64         
##  34  SaleExclGST        670082 non-null  float64       
##  35  GSTP               670082 non-null  int64         
##  36  GST                670082 non-null  int64         
##  37  DiscPer            670082 non-null  float64       
##  38  DiscAmount         670082 non-null  float64       
##  39  BarcodeDiscPer     670082 non-null  int64         
##  40  BarcodeDiscount    670082 non-null  int64         
##  41  NetAmount          670082 non-null  float64       
##  42  PointsEarned       670082 non-null  int64         
##  43  TaxPer             670082 non-null  int64         
##  44  Cobrand Acc        670082 non-null  object        
## dtypes: datetime64[ns](1), float64(6), int64(10), object(28)
## memory usage: 230.1+ MB

3.2 Step 6: Check the first 5 rows of the data

DT::datatable(head(py$df,20), options = list(pageLength = 5,scrollX=T))

4 EDA of the project

4.1 Step 8: Check the null values of the data

Since there are either repetitive values or nans so we are dropping Attribute 4 column

percent_missing = df.isnull().sum() * 100 / len(df)
missing_value_df = pd.DataFrame({'percent_missing': percent_missing})

missing_value_df
##                    percent_missing
## BillNo                    0.000000
## BillDate                  0.000000
## LoyaltyCard              94.967780
## Customer                  1.272083
## Description              90.148370
## BillMonth                 0.000000
## Warehouse                 0.000000
## RegionName                0.000000
## Location                  0.000000
## Category                  0.000000
## DepartmentName            0.000000
## BrandName                 0.231613
## CoBrand                   0.000000
## Barcode                   0.000000
## DesignNo                  0.000000
## Rejection                 0.000000
## SeasonName                0.000000
## Attribute1                0.003731
## Attribute2               78.640674
## Attribute3               53.847141
## Attribute4                0.000000
## Attribute5               49.659594
## Attribute6              100.000000
## Attribute7              100.000000
## Attribute8               26.839700
## LocalImport               0.000000
## Color                     0.000000
## Sizes                     0.000000
## DiscountType             24.951573
## SalesmanName              0.000000
## Qty                       0.000000
## SalesReturnReason        97.793404
## Price                     0.000000
## Amount                    0.000000
## SaleExclGST               0.000000
## GSTP                      0.000000
## GST                       0.000000
## DiscPer                   0.000000
## DiscAmount                0.000000
## BarcodeDiscPer            0.000000
## BarcodeDiscount           0.000000
## NetAmount                 0.000000
## PointsEarned              0.000000
## TaxPer                    0.000000
## Cobrand Acc               0.000000
msno.matrix(df)

Columns Attribute 6 and 7 have 100% missing values. There is no description available for Attribute5 column so all of these columns are dropped.

df.drop(['Attribute6','Attribute7'],axis=1,inplace=True)

5 EDA of the project

5.1 Step 9: Dropping useless columns

df.Attribute4.unique()
## array(['CAMBRIDGE'], dtype=object)

Column Salemanname is a useless feature since we are not interested to identify the sales by each person to avoid bias in decision making.


df.drop('Attribute4',axis=1,inplace=True)
df.drop('SalesmanName',axis=1,inplace=True)
df.drop('Category',axis=1,inplace=True)

The data between columns CoBrand and CoBrand Acc is 99% similar so we are keeping only column out of it.

from fuzzywuzzy import fuzz

fuzz.token_sort_ratio(df['CoBrand'], df['Cobrand Acc'])
df.drop('CoBrand',axis=1,inplace=True)
df.drop('Barcode',axis=1,inplace=True)

6 EDA of the project

6.1 Data Preprocessing

6.1.1 Renaming some columns

Based on the data description, we are renaming some columns to make it more readable

  • Attribute1 is the Inventory_status which shows the cloth which come back to ware house and go back for sales
  • Attribute2 is the offer ctypes at the shops.
  • Attribute8 is the type of the cloth.
  • Attribute3 is the import from which cloth is imported.
df = df.rename(columns={'Attribute1':'Inventory_status',
'Attribute2':'Offers','Attribute8':'Class_of_cloth',
'Attribute3':'Import_type'})

6.1.2 For customer column

  • Using returning and non-returning customers.

  • We identify the customers by names and assume that customers with identical names is actually a returning customer.

  • We will look in graphs if the returning customers are more profitable than the non-returning customers.

df['Customer']=df.Customer.duplicated()
df['Customer'].replace(True,'Returning_Costumer',inplace=True) #<<
df['Customer'].replace(False,'NoN_Returning_Costumer',inplace=True) #<<
df.Customer.value_counts()
## Returning_Costumer        596405
## NoN_Returning_Costumer     73677
## Name: Customer, dtype: int64
  • For loyalty card column. We replaced NaNs with No and Yes for the rest of the values.
  • LoyaltyCard is the actually card offered to customers to get discounts and offers.
df['LoyaltyCard']=df.LoyaltyCard.duplicated()
df['LoyaltyCard'].replace(True,'Yes',inplace=True)
df['LoyaltyCard'].replace(False,'No',inplace=True)

7 EDA of the project

7.0.1 Column Imputing by sklearn Imputing

We used the sklearn imputer to impute the missing values in the data. We used the most frequent value to impute the missing values in the data.

imp = SimpleImputer(strategy="most_frequent")
df['Inventory_status']=imp.fit_transform(df[['Inventory_status']])

imp = SimpleImputer(strategy="most_frequent") #<<
df['Import_type']=imp.fit_transform(df[['Import_type']])

df['Offers']=imp.fit_transform(df[['Offers']])
df['Attribute5']=imp.fit_transform(df[['Attribute5']])
df['BrandName']=imp.fit_transform(df[['BrandName']])
df['Description']=imp.fit_transform(df[['Description']])
df['Inventory_status']=imp.fit_transform(df[['Inventory_status']])

df.SalesReturnReason = df.SalesReturnReason.replace(np.nan,'No information available')
df.Class_of_cloth = df.Class_of_cloth.replace(np.nan, "No information") # replacing Nan values with 0 value

df.DiscountType = df.DiscountType.replace(np.nan, 'No Discount') # replacing Nan values with Most  frequent value

8 EDA of the project

8.1 Summary of the data

df.describe().T
##                     count         mean          std  ...     50%     75%       max
## Qty              670082.0     0.899518     0.611418  ...     1.0     1.0      45.0
## Price            670082.0  2437.725566   714.776793  ...  2259.0  2376.0    6127.0
## Amount           670082.0  2173.785338  1621.785795  ...  2259.0  2376.0  106920.0
## SaleExclGST      670082.0  1740.625980  1489.339984  ...  1663.0  2186.0   77455.0
## GSTP             670082.0     6.092880     2.285465  ...     6.0     6.0      17.0
## GST              670082.0   109.105263   120.435080  ...    95.0   125.0    4647.0
## DiscPer          670082.0     0.382138     3.200854  ...     0.0     0.0     100.0
## DiscAmount       670082.0     8.756731    95.321598  ...     0.0     0.0   14830.0
## BarcodeDiscPer   670082.0    17.706990    20.796915  ...    20.0    30.0      60.0
## BarcodeDiscount  670082.0   423.838609   536.809144  ...   484.0   713.0   32085.0
## NetAmount        670082.0  1849.731244  1581.756942  ...  1747.0  2295.0   82102.0
## PointsEarned     670082.0     1.078650     6.030229  ...     0.0     0.0     821.0
## TaxPer           670082.0     6.359038     0.973759  ...     6.0     6.0       9.0
## 
## [13 rows x 8 columns]

9 Data Transformation

Next, we checked the Pearson correlation and visualized it through a heat map. This shows which variables are highly correlated and in this case, “Qty” is highly correlated with “NetAmount”, “SalesExclGST” and “GST”.

Now we will treat the data with outliers and apply some statistical tests

There are many outliers in numerical columns which can be shown by boxplot. We will use the IQR method to remove the outliers.

10 Data Transformation

# Imputing outliers with mean
def impute_outliers_IQR_with_mean(df):
   Q1=df.quantile(0.25)
   Q3=df.quantile(0.75)
   IQR=Q3-Q1
    # Lower bound
   lower = Q1 - 1.5*IQR
    # Upper bound
   upper = Q3 + 1.5*IQR
   df = np.where(df > upper,
       df.mean(),
       np.where(
           df < lower,
           df.mean(), #<<
           df
           )
       )
   return df

10.0.1 Checking skewness of the data

# Library for skewness
from scipy.stats import skew
print('Skew of Price',skew(df.Price))
## Skew of Price 1.7332960811793
print('Skew of Amount',skew(df.Amount))
## Skew of Amount 0.5264229479147174
print('Skew of SaleExclGST',skew(df.SaleExclGST))
## Skew of SaleExclGST 0.053907402377267245
print('Skew of GSTP',skew(df.GSTP))
## Skew of GSTP 3.422663381156023
print('Skew of GST',skew(df.GST))
## Skew of GST 1.8886742450354679
print('Skew of BarcodeDiscPer',skew(df.BarcodeDiscPer))
## Skew of BarcodeDiscPer -0.11344278021015818
print('Skew of BarcodeDiscount',skew(df.BarcodeDiscount))
## Skew of BarcodeDiscount 1.639017468026673
print('Skew of NetAmount',skew(df.NetAmount))
## Skew of NetAmount 0.11210500286062883
print('Skew of PointsEarned',skew(df.PointsEarned))
## Skew of PointsEarned 21.43903163597488
cols=df.select_dtypes(include='number')
cat_cols = cols
i=0
while i < 10:
    fig = plt.figure(figsize=[25,4])
 
    plt.subplot(1,3,1)
    sns.distplot(a=cat_cols.iloc[:,i], hist=True)
    i += 1
    
    plt.subplot(1,3,2)
    sns.distplot(a=cat_cols.iloc[:,i], hist=True)
    i += 1
    
    plt.show()

11 Data Transformation

Now by imputing right skewed by median and left skewed ‘Price’ by mean we will remove the outliers.

df['Qty'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_median(df['Qty'])
df['Price'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_mean(df['Price'])
df['Amount'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_median(df['Amount']) #<<
df['SaleExclGST'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_median(df['SaleExclGST'])
df['GSTP'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_median(df['GSTP'])
df['GST'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_median(df['GST'])
df['BarcodeDiscPer'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_mean(df['BarcodeDiscPer'])
df['BarcodeDiscount'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_median(df['BarcodeDiscount'])
df['NetAmount'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_mean(df['NetAmount'])
df['PointsEarned'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_median(df['PointsEarned'])
df['DiscPer'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_median(df['DiscPer'])
df['DiscAmount'] = impute_outliers_IQR_with_median(df['DiscAmount'])

12 Data Transformation

We can apply the shapiro wilk test to check if the data is::: nonincremental

# Shapiro wilk test
from scipy.stats import shapiro #<<
print('ShapiroTest of Price',shapiro(df.Price))
## ShapiroTest of Price ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8969478011131287, pvalue=0.0)
## 
## /opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/scipy/stats/morestats.py:1760: UserWarning: p-value may not be accurate for N > 5000.
##   warnings.warn("p-value may not be accurate for N > 5000.")
print('ShapiroTest of Amount',shapiro(df.Amount))
## ShapiroTest of Amount ShapiroResult(statistic=0.908415675163269, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of SaleExclGST',shapiro(df.SaleExclGST))
## ShapiroTest of SaleExclGST ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8960244059562683, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of GSTP',shapiro(df.GSTP))
## ShapiroTest of GSTP ShapiroResult(statistic=0.6320035457611084, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of GST',shapiro(df.GST))
## ShapiroTest of GST ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8931977152824402, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of BarcodeDiscPer',shapiro(df.BarcodeDiscPer))
## ShapiroTest of BarcodeDiscPer ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8688030242919922, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of BarcodeDiscount',shapiro(df.BarcodeDiscount))
## ShapiroTest of BarcodeDiscount ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8954393863677979, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of NetAmount',shapiro(df.NetAmount))
## ShapiroTest of NetAmount ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9133129715919495, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of PointsEarned',shapiro(df.PointsEarned))
## ShapiroTest of PointsEarned ShapiroResult(statistic=1.0, pvalue=1.0)
## 
## /opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/scipy/stats/morestats.py:1757: UserWarning: Input data for shapiro has range zero. The results may not be accurate.
##   warnings.warn("Input data for shapiro has range zero. The results "

13 Data Transformation

13.1 Step_3 Normalization of the numeric columns.

13.1.1 Methods of Normalization

Four common normalization techniques may be useful:

  • scaling to a range(min-max)
  • clipping
  • log scaling
  • z-score

We use the standard scaler to normalize the data.


from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
scaler = StandardScaler() #<<
df[['Qty','Price','Amount','SaleExclGST','GSTP','GST','BarcodeDiscPer','BarcodeDiscount','NetAmount','PointsEarned','DiscPer','DiscAmount']] = scaler.fit_transform(df[['Qty','Price','Amount','SaleExclGST','GSTP','GST','BarcodeDiscPer','BarcodeDiscount','NetAmount','PointsEarned','DiscPer','DiscAmount']])

Checking the normality after normalization

from scipy.stats import shapiro
print('ShapiroTest of Price',shapiro(df.Price))
## ShapiroTest of Price ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8945704102516174, pvalue=0.0)
## 
## /opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/scipy/stats/morestats.py:1760: UserWarning: p-value may not be accurate for N > 5000.
##   warnings.warn("p-value may not be accurate for N > 5000.")
print('ShapiroTest of Amount',shapiro(df.Amount))
## ShapiroTest of Amount ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9033786058425903, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of SaleExclGST',shapiro(df.SaleExclGST))
## ShapiroTest of SaleExclGST ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8960385918617249, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of GSTP',shapiro(df.GSTP))
## ShapiroTest of GSTP ShapiroResult(statistic=0.6283426880836487, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of GST',shapiro(df.GST))
## ShapiroTest of GST ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8964444398880005, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of BarcodeDiscPer',shapiro(df.BarcodeDiscPer))
## ShapiroTest of BarcodeDiscPer ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8605928421020508, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of BarcodeDiscount',shapiro(df.BarcodeDiscount))
## ShapiroTest of BarcodeDiscount ShapiroResult(statistic=0.8955459594726562, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of NetAmount',shapiro(df.NetAmount))
## ShapiroTest of NetAmount ShapiroResult(statistic=0.9149541854858398, pvalue=0.0)
print('ShapiroTest of PointsEarned',shapiro(df.PointsEarned))
## ShapiroTest of PointsEarned ShapiroResult(statistic=1.0, pvalue=1.0)
## 
## /opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.9/site-packages/scipy/stats/morestats.py:1757: UserWarning: Input data for shapiro has range zero. The results may not be accurate.
##   warnings.warn("Input data for shapiro has range zero. The results "
print('ShapiroTest of DiscPer',shapiro(df.DiscPer))
## ShapiroTest of DiscPer ShapiroResult(statistic=1.0, pvalue=1.0)
print('ShapiroTest of DiscAmount',shapiro(df.DiscAmount))
## ShapiroTest of DiscAmount ShapiroResult(statistic=1.0, pvalue=1.0)

14 Applying Statistical tests

## Ttest_indResult(statistic=19.874566465306984, pvalue=7.163797500560876e-88)

image

summary, results = rp.ttest(group1= df_karachi['Price'], group1_name= "Karachi",
                            group2= df_lahore['Price'], group2_name= "Lahore")
results

15 Graphical Relations between Variables

df1=pd.read_csv('/Users/snawaz/Documents/pychilla2/teamproject_sep3/Deep_note_linked/cleaned_data.csv')

16 Machine learning Model Building

ML has been applying in the capacity of Regression, Classification, Clustering and Deep Learning models. “Price” has been a dependent variable in every model except Classification. “Season” is used as a output variable in Classification. The concept of taking price, is to determine the customer behaviour with regards to price.

Dependent variables in various ML algorithms will be * Price for linear regression where other select features will be independent variable. * Price for multilenar regression where all other variables will be independent. * Inventory_status and LocalImport where all other are independent variables in classification ML model. * Price in Deep learning model * 2 Clustering Models for SeasonName.

16.1 Step_1: Encoding the categorical columns

  • We will use One_Hot encoding for 2 variables Attribute8 which is actually the class of the sales and Local Import
One_hot_encoded_data = df_Ml[['Offers']]

enc = OneHotEncoder()
enc_results = enc.fit_transform(One_hot_encoded_data)


enc=pd.DataFrame(enc_results.toarray(), columns=enc.categories_)

17 Classification Models

  • Target feature: Inventory_status & LocalImport
  • Independent features: All other features obrained after CV and feature selection

List of Libraries used in this all Machine learning section

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import missingno as msno   
import plotly.express as px
import scipy.special
from bokeh.layouts import gridplot
from bokeh.plotting import figure, show
import scipy.stats as stats
import xgboost as xgb
import descartes
import plotly.express as px
import folium
import sklearn

## ML libraries
from xgboost import XGBRegressor
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression,LinearRegression,RidgeCV,Lasso,LassoCV
from sklearn.impute import SimpleImputer
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder,OneHotEncoder
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsClassifier 
from sklearn.ensemble import ExtraTreesClassifier,RandomForestRegressor,RandomForestClassifier,GradientBoostingClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split,learning_curve, cross_val_predict,cross_validate,cross_val_score,KFold
from xgboost import XGBClassifier
from sklearn.tree import DecisionTreeClassifier,DecisionTreeRegressor
from sklearn.svm import SVR,LinearSVR,SVC
from sklearn.feature_selection import RFECV , RFE
from time import time
from lightgbm import LGBMRegressor
from sklearn.metrics import pairwise_distances
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score,RepeatedStratifiedKFold,KFold
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression,OrthogonalMatchingPursuit
from sklearn.ensemble import StackingRegressor,ExtraTreesRegressor,RandomForestRegressor,GradientBoostingRegressor,AdaBoostRegressor
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsRegressor
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split, GridSearchCV,RepeatedKFold,RepeatedStratifiedKFold
from sklearn.metrics import f1_score, classification_report, accuracy_score, mean_squared_error, precision_score
from sklearn.metrics.cluster import adjusted_rand_score,contingency_matrix
from numpy import unique
from numpy import where
from sklearn.cluster import DBSCAN,KMeans,MiniBatchKMeans
from sklearn.datasets import make_blobs
from sklearn.cluster import KMeans
from sklearn.metrics import silhouette_samples, silhouette_score
from yellowbrick.cluster import SilhouetteVisualizer

# libraries of DL 
from time import time
from sklearn.multioutput import MultiOutputRegressor
from sklearn.datasets import make_regression
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense
from numpy import asarray
from pandas import set_option
from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline

#scores
from sklearn.metrics import precision_recall_curve,confusion_matrix,mean_squared_error,mean_absolute_error,explained_variance_score,max_error,r2_score,median_absolute_error,mean_squared_log_error,silhouette_score

18 Classification Models

18.1 Local Import as target feature

18.1.1 Step 1: Subset of large dataset

  • We selected a sample of 10000 rows for comparison of different classification model.
df_M = df_Ml.sample(10000).reset_index(drop=True)

18.1.2 Step2 Test train split the data

  • Data is splitted before hand with 30% test data and 70% train data.
X=df_M.drop('LocalImport',axis=1)
y=df_M['LocalImport']

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.30, random_state=44, shuffle =True)

18.1.3 Step 3: Make a list of classification models we want to apply

final_clf = None
clf_names = ["Logistic Regression", "KNN(3)", "XGBoost Classifier", "Random forest classifier", "Decision Tree Classifier",
            "Gradient Boosting Classifier", "Support Vector Machine"]

18.1.4 Step4: Apply each model on 10000 rows dataset and get the scores

classifiers = []
scores = []
for i in range(10):
    
    tempscores = []
    
    # logistic Regression
    lr_clf = LogisticRegression(n_jobs=-1)
    lr_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
    tempscores.append((lr_clf.score(X_test, y_test))*100)
    
    # KNN n_neighbors = 3
    knn3_clf = KNeighborsClassifier(n_jobs=-1)
    knn3_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
    tempscores.append((knn3_clf.score(X_test, y_test))*100)

    # XGBoost
    xgbc = XGBClassifier(n_jobs=-1,seed=41)
    xgbc.fit(X_train, y_train)
    tempscores.append((xgbc.score(X_test, y_test))*100)

    # Random Forest
    rf_clf = RandomForestClassifier(n_jobs=-1)
    rf_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
    tempscores.append((rf_clf.score(X_test, y_test))*100)

    # Decision Tree
    dt_clf = DecisionTreeClassifier()
    dt_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
    tempscores.append((dt_clf.score(X_test, y_test))*100)

    # Gradient Boosting 
    gb_clf = GradientBoostingClassifier()
    gb_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
    tempscores.append((gb_clf.score(X_test, y_test))*100)
    
    #SVM
    svm_clf = SVC(gamma = "scale")
    svm_clf.fit(X_train, y_train)
    tempscores.append((svm_clf.score(X_test, y_test))*100)
    
    scores.append(tempscores)

scores = np.array(scores)
clfs = pd.DataFrame({"Classifier":clf_names})
for i in range(len(scores)):
    clfs['iteration' + str(i)] = scores[i].T

means = clfs.mean(axis = 1)
means = means.values.tolist()

clfs["Average"] = means


clfs.set_index("Classifier", inplace = True)
print("Accuracies : ")
clfs["Average"].head(10)

image

  • At this stage we have got the best classification with highest accuracy for getting prediction of LocalImport variable.

18.1.5 Step 5: Selecting full data for feature selection

X=df_M.drop('LocalImport',axis=1)
y=df_M['LocalImport']

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.30, random_state=44, shuffle =True)

print('X_train shape is ' , X_train.shape)
print('X_test shape is ' , X_test.shape)
print('y_train shape is ' , y_train.shape)
print('y_test shape is ' , y_test.shape)
  • Now comes the best feature selection part. We will use RFE to select the best features for each model.

18.1.6 Step 6: Select and plot best features byfeatures_importance

model = GradientBoostingClassifier()
model.fit(X,y)
plt.style.use('ggplot')
plt.figure(figsize=(6,10))
feat_importances = pd.Series(model.feature_importances_, index=X.columns)
feat_importances.nlargest(50).plot(kind='barh')
plt.savefig("extra_tree.png",dpi=200)
plt.show()

image

Only 7 features are good enough out of 38 to train our final model. so we drop rest of the features below.

df_M = df_Ml[['BrandName','Attribute5','GSTP','SeasonName','BillMonth','Price','DesignNo','Import_type','LocalImport']]

We could also select pearson corelation coefficient values by corelation chart below.

18.1.7 Step 7: Hyperparameters selection

Making a dictionary of the hyperparamters for Gradient boost model. We will apply grid cross validation approach to select best hyperparamters for our selected model.

#Creating Parameters
params = {
    'learning_rate':[0.1,1],
    'n_estimators':[5,9, 11,12,13,15,20,25,26,29,31,20,50,75,100],
    'max_features':['auto','sqrt','log2'],
    'criterion':['friedman_mse', 'squared_error', 'mse'],
    'loss':['log_loss', 'deviance', 'exponential']
}


#Fitting the model

from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV

rf = GradientBoostingClassifier()
grid = GridSearchCV(rf, params, cv=3, scoring='accuracy')
grid.fit(X_train, y_train)
print(grid.best_params_)
print("Accuracy:"+ str(grid.best_score_))

{‘criterion’: ‘friedman_mse’, ‘learning_rate’: 1, ‘loss’: ‘exponential’, ‘max_features’: ‘auto’, ‘n_estimators’: 75} Accuracy:1.0

  • It gives us the best hyperpatamters at scoring paramter chosen as accuracy.

  • Remember model will remain the same with similar X_train, y_train data.

18.1.8 Step 8: Final application of model

# applying model with best hyperparameters

rf = GradientBoostingClassifier(criterion='friedman_mse', learning_rate=1, loss='exponential', max_features='auto', n_estimators=75)

rf.fit(X_train, y_train)

y_pred = rf.predict(X_test)

# from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score, confusion_matrix, classification_report

print("Accuracy Score: ", accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred))

print("Confusion Matrix: ", confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred))

Accuracy Score: 1.0 Confusion Matrix: [[ 9895 0] [ 0 191130]]

  • We have got 100% accuracy for our final model.

18.1.9 Step9: Model scores and evaluation

from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB
from yellowbrick.classifier import ClassificationReport

# Instantiate the classification model and visualizer

visualizer = ClassificationReport(rf)

visualizer.fit(X_train, y_train)  # Fit the visualizer and the model
visualizer.score(X_test, y_test)  # Evaluate the model on the test data
visualizer.show()

image

18.1.10 Step 10: Saving the model to get prediction leather

import pickle
pkl_filename = "localImport_model.pkl"
with open(pkl_filename, 'wb') as file:
    pickle.dump(grid, file)

# Load from file
with open(pkl_filename, 'rb') as file:
    pickle_model = pickle.load(file)

# Calculate the accuracy score and predict target values
score = pickle_model.score(X_test, y_test)


y_predict = pickle_model.predict(X_test)

19 Classification Models

19.1 Inventory_status as target feature.

Best Params: {‘criterion’: ‘entropy’, ‘max_features’: None, ‘n_estimators’: 75, ‘random_state’: 1} Train MSE: 0.0 Test MSE: 0.146

modelkn = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=1,criterion= 'entropy' ,n_jobs=-1, n_estimators=75, max_features=None) 

modelkn= modelkn.fit(X_train,y_train)

y_11 = modelkn.predict(X_test)

Model scores for inventory_status

image

Confusion matrix for inventory_status

image

20 Regression Models

20.1 Price and SaleExclGST as target features.

  • Target features: Price of article. & SaleExclGST gained by company +NetAmount paid by customer.

  • In one regression model there is only 1 target feature while in the other there are two target features.

  • Only difference from the previous approach is the use of RepeatedKFold cross validation method to get the best model.

  • Model evaluation is done by R2 score and negative RMSE score.

  • Again we use sample of 10000 rows to compare models followed by full sample to train the final model.

models = {}
models['lr']= LinearRegression()
models['dr'] = DecisionTreeRegressor()
models['rf'] = RandomForestRegressor()
models['kn']=  KNeighborsRegressor()
models['ad'] = AdaBoostRegressor()
models['ex'] = ExtraTreesRegressor()
models['sv'] = SVR()


from sklearn import model_selection

for model in models:
  cv = sklearn.model_selection.RepeatedKFold(n_splits=100,n_repeats=1,random_state=1)
  n_scores = model_selection.cross_val_score(models[model],X,y,scoring='neg_root_mean_squared_error',cv=cv,n_jobs=-1)
  print(model, np.mean(n_scores),np.std(n_scores))

image

20.1.1 Features selection by two methods: RFE and SelectKBest

image

image

20.2 Price as target feature.

Regression Models comparison for prediciting price. Neg. RMSE score is used as evaluation metric.

image

optimum features selection for price prediction

image

image

In the we get R2 score of 1

image

and other score are given below

R-squared score (training): 1.000 R-squared score (test): 0.997

Test MSE: 0.002528635026436538 Test RMSE: 0.001264317513218269

21 Clustering Models

We will select the variable seasonName. Finding the best number of clusters using elbow method and silhouette score.

21.1 Finding best number of clusters

21.1.1 Silhoutte method

#Use silhouette score
range_n_clusters = list (range(2,10))
print ("Number of clusters from 2 to 9: \n", range_n_clusters)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(3, 2, figsize=(15,8))
for n_clusters in range_n_clusters:
    clusterer = MiniBatchKMeans(n_clusters=n_clusters)
    preds = clusterer.fit_predict(df_Ml)
    centers = clusterer.cluster_centers_

    q, mod = divmod(n_clusters, 2)

    score = silhouette_score(df_Ml, preds)
    print("For n_clusters = {}, silhouette score is {})".format(n_clusters, score))
    visualizer = SilhouetteVisualizer(clusterer, colors='yellowbrick', ax=ax[q-1][mod])
    visualizer.fit(df_Ml)

21.1.2 Elbow method

inertias = []
for n_clusters in range(2, 15):
 km = KMeans(n_clusters=n_clusters).fit(df_Ml)
 inertias.append(km.inertia_)
 
plt.plot(range(2, 15), inertias, ‘k’)
plt.title(“Inertia vs Number of Clusters”)
plt.xlabel(“Number of clusters”)
plt.ylabel(“Inertia”)

22 Clustering Models

22.1 MiniBatchK-Means Clustering

# define the model
model = MiniBatchKMeans(n_clusters=6)
# fit the model
model.fit(df_Ml)
# assign a cluster to each example
yhat = model.predict(df_Ml)
# retrieve unique clusters
clusters = unique(yhat)
# create scatter plot for samples from each cluster
for cluster in clusters:
    # get row indexes for samples with this cluster
    row_ix = where(yhat == cluster)
    # create scatter of these samples
    plt.scatter(df_Ml[row_ix, 0], df_Ml[row_ix, 1])
# show the plot
plt.show()

22.2 DBSCAN Clustering

# define the model
dbscan_model = DBSCAN(eps=0.25, min_samples=9)

# train the model
dbscan_model.fit(df_Ml)

# assign each data point to a cluster
dbscan_result = dbscan_model.predict(df_Ml)

# get all of the unique clusters
dbscan_cluster = unique(dbscan_result)

# plot the DBSCAN clusters
for dbscan_cluster in dbscan_clusters:
    # get data points that fall in this cluster
    index = where(dbscan_result == dbscan_clusters)
    # make the plot
    plt.scatter(df_Ml[index, 0], df_Ml[index, 1])

# show the DBSCAN plot
plt.show()

23 Deep Learning Models

Deep learning model for predicting price and comparison with regresssion models

We are using the sequential model with 4 fully-connected layers. ReLU is more popular in many deep neural networks, but I am using Tanh for activation on trial basis.

You almost never use Sigmoid because it is slow to train. We can add drop out layer to reduce overfitting

Adam loss function is used for model compilation.

from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Input, Dense, Activation, Dropout
from tensorflow.keras.optimizers import Adam

X_train = np.array(X_train)
X_test = np.array(X_test)
y_train = np.array(y_train)
y_test = np.array(y_test)

model = Sequential()

model.add(Dense(X_train.shape[1], activation='relu'))
model.add(Dense(32, activation='Tanh'))
model.add(Dropout(0.2))

model.add(Dense(64, activation='Tanh'))
model.add(Dropout(0.2))

model.add(Dense(128, activation='Tanh'))
# model.add(Dropout(0.2))

model.add(Dense(512, activation='Tanh'))
model.add(Dropout(0.1))
model.add(Dense(1))

model.compile(optimizer=Adam(0.00001), loss='mse')

r = model.fit(X_train, y_train,
              validation_data=(X_test,y_test),
              batch_size=1,
              epochs=100)

24 Conclusion

Cambridge Industries makes a database of their sales. All the information related to customer choices such as loyalty card, product exchanges and type of product bought is available is the database. We have performed EDA analysis followed by data cleaning and feature engineering. Statistical aanalysis show that there is no significant difference between sales offline and online sales offered by the company. We have taken subset of data based on different products and locations. A map was shown where the products are bought and delivered. We have used different machine learning models to predict the price of the product such regression, classification, clustering and deep neural network with output features Sales (revenue of the company), inventory_status, SeasonName and Price respectively.